Novel Chromen-2-One Derivatives and Their Use as Monoamine Neurotransmitter Re-Uptake Inhibitors

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to novel chromen-2-one derivatives useful as monoamine neurotransmitter re-uptake inhibitors. In other aspects the invention relates to the use of these compounds in a method for therapy and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to novel chromen-2-one derivatives useful asmonoamine neurotransmitter re-uptake inhibitors.

In other aspects the invention relates to the use of these compounds ina method for therapy and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising thecompounds of the invention.

BACKGROUND ART

Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) currently provideefficacy in the treatment of several CNS disorders, including depressionand panic disorder. SSRIs are generally perceived by psychiatrists andprimary care physicians as effective, well-tolerated and easilyadministered. However, they are associated with a number of undesirablefeatures.

Thus, there is still a strong need for compounds with an optimisedpharmacological profile as regards the activity on reuptake of themonoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline, suchas the ratio of the serotonin reuptake versus the noradrenaline anddopamine reuptake activity.

Jackson, Sharon A. et al discuss the design, synthesis andcharacterization of a novel class of coumarin-based inhibitors orinducible nitric oxide synthase in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 13(2005) 2723-2739. Among the compounds disclosed is the trifluoroaceticacid salt of 6-bromo-4-(piperidin-4-yloxy)-1-benzopyran-2-one. The samecompound is disclosed in WO 2005/026143.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In its first aspect, the invention provides a compound of the Formula I:

or any of its isomers or any mixture of its isomers, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R¹, R², R^(2′), R³,R^(3′), m, n, X and Q are as defined below.

In its second aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compoundof the invention, or any of its isomers or any mixture of its isomers,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with at leastone pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.

In a further aspect, the invention provides the use of a compound of theinvention, or any of its isomers or any mixture of its isomers, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of apharmaceutical composition for the treatment, prevention or alleviationof a disease or a disorder or a condition of a mammal, including ahuman, which disease, disorder or condition is responsive to inhibitionof monoamine neurotransmitter re-uptake in the central nervous system.

In a still further aspect, the invention relates to a method fortreatment, prevention or alleviation of a disease or a disorder or acondition of a living animal body, including a human, which disorder,disease or condition is responsive to responsive to inhibition ofmonoamine neurotransmitter re-uptake in the central nervous system,which method comprises the step of administering to such a living animalbody in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound ofthe invention, or any of its isomers or any mixture of its isomers, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Other objects of the invention will be apparent to the person skilled inthe art from the following detailed description and examples.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

Chromen-2-one Derivatives

In its first aspect the present invention provides compounds of formulaI:

or any of its isomers or any mixture of its isomers,

-   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein-   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,-   wherein-   R¹ represents hydrogen or alkyl;    -   which alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more        substituents independently selected from the group consisting        of:        -   halo, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, hydroxy,            amino, nitro, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl,            cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl;-   each of R², R^(2′), R³ and R^(3′) independent of each other    represent hydrogen or alkyl; or    -   R² and R³ together form —(CH₂)_(p)— and R^(2′) and R^(3′)        independent of each other represent hydrogen or alkyl; wherein p        is 1, 2 or 3;-   m is 0, 1 or 2;-   n is 0, 1 or 2;-   X represents —O— or —NR⁴—;    -   wherein R⁴ represents hydrogen, alkyl, —C(═O)R⁵ or —SO₂R⁵;        -   wherein R⁵ represents hydrogen or alkyl; and-   Q represents a chromen-2-one group;    -   which chromen-2-one group is optionally substituted with one or        more substituents independently selected from the group        consisting of:        -   halo, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, hydroxy,            amino, nitro, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl,            cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl.

In one embodiment, R¹ represents hydrogen. In a second embodiment, R¹represents alkyl.

In a further embodiment, R² and R³ together form —(CH₂)_(p)—. In a stillfurther embodiment, R² and R³ together form —(CH₂)_(p)— and R^(2′) andR^(3′) each represent hydrogen. In a special embodiment, R² and R³together form —(CH₂)₂—. In a further special embodiment, R² and R³together form —(CH₂)₂— and R^(2′) and R^(3′) represent hydrogen.

In a still further embodiment, R², R^(2′), R³ and R^(3′) each representalkyl. In a special embodiment, R², R^(2′), R³ and R^(3′) each representmethyl. In a further embodiment, R², R^(2′), R³ and R^(3′) eachrepresent hydrogen.

In a further embodiment, m is 1. In a still further embodiment, n is 1.In a special embodiment, m is 1 and n is 1.

In a further embodiment, X represents —O—.

In a still further embodiment, R², R^(2′), R³ and R^(3′) each representalkyl, such as methyl, m is 1 and n is 1.

In a further embodiment, R², R^(2′), R³ and R^(3′) each representhydrogen, m is 1 and n is 1.

In a further embodiment, R² and R³ together form —(CH₂)₂—, R^(2′) andR^(3′) represent hydrogen, m is 1 and n is 1.

In a still further embodiment, Q represents chromen-2-one-4-yl,chromen-2-one-6-yl or chromen-2-one-7-yl. In a special embodiment, Qrepresents chromen-2-one-4-yl. In a further embodiment, Q representschromen-2-one-6-yl. In a still further embodiment, Q representschromen-2-one-7-yl. In a further embodiment, Q represents chromen-2-onesubstituted with alkyl, such as methyl. In a special embodiment, Qrepresents 4-methyl-chromen-2-one-6-yl.

In a special embodiment, the chemical compound of the invention is not6-bromo-4-(piperidin-4-yloxy)-1-benzopyran-2-one.

In a special embodiment the chemical compound of the invention is

-   exo-7-(8-Methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one;-   exo-4-(8-Methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one;-   exo-6-(8-Methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-4-methyl-chromen-2-one;-   exo-6-(8-Methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one;-   7-(1-Methyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-chromen-2-one;-   7-(1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-chromen-2-one;-   7-(2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-chromen-2-one;-   exo-7-(8-H-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one;-   exo-6-(8-H-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one;-   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Any combination of two or more of the embodiments as described above isconsidered within the scope of the present invention.

Definition of Substituents

In the context of this invention halo represents fluoro, chloro, bromoor iodo.

In the context of this invention an alkyl group designates a univalentsaturated, straight or branched hydrocarbon chain. The hydrocarbon chainpreferably contains of from one to six carbon atoms (C₁₋₆-alkyl),including pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tertiary pentyl, hexyl andisohexyl. In a preferred embodiment alkyl represents a C₁₋₄-alkyl group,including butyl, isobutyl, secondary butyl, and tertiary butyl. Inanother preferred embodiment of this invention alkyl represents aC₁₋₃-alkyl group, which may in particular be methyl, ethyl, propyl orisopropyl.

In the context of this invention an alkenyl group designates a carbonchain containing one or more double bonds, including di-enes, tri-enesand poly-enes. In a preferred embodiment the alkenyl group of theinvention comprises of from two to six carbon atoms (C₂₋₆-alkenyl),including at least one double bond. In a most preferred embodiment thealkenyl group of the invention is ethenyl; 1- or 2-propenyl; 1-, 2- or3-butenyl, or 1,3-butadienyl; 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- or 5-hexenyl, or1,3-hexadienyl, or 1,3,5-hexatrienyl.

In the context of this invention an alkynyl group designates a carbonchain containing one or more triple bonds, including di-ynes, tri-ynesand poly-ynes. In a preferred embodiment the alkynyl group of theinvention comprises of from two to six carbon atoms (C₂₋₆-alkynyl),including at least one triple bond. In its most preferred embodiment thealkynyl group of the invention is ethynyl; 1-, or 2-propynyl; 1-, 2-, or3-butynyl, or 1,3-butadiynyl; 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-pentynyl, or1,3-pentadiynyl; 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, or 5-hexynyl, or 1,3-hexadiynyl or1,3,5-hexatriynyl.

In the context of this invention a cycloalkyl group designates a cyclicalkyl group, preferably containing of from three to seven carbon atoms(C₃₋₇-cycloalkyl), including cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.

Alkoxy is O-alkyl, wherein alkyl is as defined above.

Cycloalkoxy means O-cycloalkyl, wherein cycloalkyl is as defined above.

Cycloalkylalkyl means cycloalkyl as above and alkyl as above, meaningfor example, cyclopropylmethyl.

Amino is NH₂ or NH-alkyl or N-(alkyl)₂, wherein alkyl is as definedabove.

In the context of this invention an aryl group designates a carbocyclicaromatic ring system such as phenyl, naphthyl (1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl)or fluorenyl.

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts

The chemical compound of the invention may be provided in any formsuitable for the intended administration. Suitable forms includepharmaceutically (i.e. physiologically) acceptable salts, and pre- orprodrug forms of the chemical compound of the invention.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts include, withoutlimitation, the non-toxic inorganic and organic acid addition salts suchas the hydro-chloride, the hydrobromide, the nitrate, the perchlorate,the phosphate, the sulphate, the formate, the acetate, the aconate, theascorbate, the benzenesulphonate, the benzoate, the cinnamate, thecitrate, the embonate, the enantate, the fumarate, the glutamate, theglycolate, the lactate, the maleate, the malonate, the mandelate, themethanesulphonate, the naphthalene-2-sulphonate derived, the phthalate,the sali-cylate, the sorbate, the stearate, the succinate, the tartrate,the toluene-p-sulphonate, and the like. Such salts may be formed byprocedures well known and described in the art.

Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable cationic salts of a chemicalcompound of the invention include, without limitation, the sodium, thepotassium, the calcium, the magnesium, the zinc, the aluminum, thelithium, the choline, the lysine, and the ammonium salt, and the like,of a chemical compound of the invention containing an anionic group.Such cationic salts may be formed by procedures well known and describedin the art.

In the context of this invention the “onium salts” of N-containingcompounds are also contemplated as pharmaceutically acceptable salts.Preferred “onium salts” include the alkyl-onium salts, thecycloalkyl-onium salts, and the cycloalkylalkyl-onium salts.

Examples of pre- or prodrug forms of the chemical compound of theinvention include examples of suitable prodrugs of the substancesaccording to the invention include compounds modified at one or morereactive or derivatizable groups of the parent compound. Of particularinterest are compounds modified at a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group,or an amino group. Examples of suitable derivatives are esters oramides.

The chemical compound of the invention may be provided in dissoluble orindissoluble forms together with a pharmaceutically acceptable solventsuch as water, ethanol, and the like. Dissoluble forms may also includehydrated forms such as the monohydrate, the dihydrate, the hemihydrate,the trihydrate, the tetrahydrate, and the like. In general, thedissoluble forms are considered equivalent to indissoluble forms for thepurposes of this invention.

Steric Isomers

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the compounds ofthe present invention may contain one or more chiral centers, and thatsuch compounds exist in the form of isomers.

Also, some of the chemical compounds of the invention having a —C═C—double bond may exist in two forms, syn- and anti-form (Z- and E-form),depending on the arrangement of the substituents around the double bond.A chemical compound of the present invention may thus be the syn- or theanti-form, or it may be a mixture hereof.

Moreover, the chemical compounds of the present invention may exist asenantiomers in (+) and (−) forms as well as in racemic forms (±).

The invention includes all such isomers and any mixtures thereofincluding racemic mixtures.

Racemic forms can be resolved into the optical antipodes by knownmethods and techniques. One way of separating the isomeric salts is byuse of an optically active acid, and liberating the optically activeamine compound by treatment with a base. Another method for resolvingracemates into the optical antipodes is based upon chromatography on anoptical active matrix. Racemic compounds of the present invention canthus be resolved into their optical antipodes, e.g., by fractionalcrystallisation of d- or l- (tartrates, mandelates, orcamphorsulphonate) salts for example.

The chemical compounds of the present invention may also be resolved bythe formation of diastereomeric amides by reaction of the chemicalcompounds of the present invention with an optically active activatedcarboxylic acid such as that derived from (+) or (−) phenylalanine, (+)or (−) phenylglycine, (+) or (−) camphanic acid or by the formation ofdiastereomeric carbamates by reaction of the chemical compound of thepresent invention with an optically active chloroformate or the like.

Additional methods for the resolving the optical isomers are known inthe art. Such methods include those described by Jaques J, Collet A, &Wilen S in “Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions”, John Wiley andSons, New York (1981).

Optical active compounds can also be prepared from optical activestarting materials.

Labelled Compounds

The compounds of the invention may be used in their labelled orunlabelled form. In the context of this invention the labelled compoundhas one or more atoms replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or massnumber different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found innature. The labelling will allow easy quantitative detection of saidcompound.

The labelled compounds of the invention may be useful as diagnostictools, radio tracers, or monitoring agents in various diagnosticmethods, and for in vivo receptor imaging.

The labelled isomer of the invention preferably contains at least oneradio-nuclide as a label. Positron emitting radionuclides are allcandidates for usage. In the context of this invention the radionuclideis preferably selected from ²H (deuterium), ³H (tritium), ¹³C, ¹⁴C,¹³¹I, ¹²⁵I, ¹²³I, and ¹⁸F.

The physical method for detecting the labelled isomer of the presentinvention may be selected from Position Emission Tomography (PET),Single Photon Imaging Computed Tomography (SPECT), Magnetic ResonanceSpectroscopy (MRS), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Computed AxialX-ray Tomography (CAT), or combinations thereof.

Methods of Preparation

The chemical compounds of the invention may be prepared by conventionalmethods for chemical synthesis, e.g. those described in the workingexamples. The starting materials for the processes described in thepresent application are known or may readily be prepared by conventionalmethods from commercially available chemicals.

Also one compound of the invention can be converted to another compoundof the invention using conventional methods.

The end products of the reactions described herein may be isolated byconventional techniques, e.g. by extraction, crystallisation,distillation, chromatography, etc.

Biological Activity

Compounds of the invention may be tested for their ability to inhibitreuptake of the monoamines dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin insynaptosomes e.g. such as described in WO 97/30997 (NeuroSearch A/S).Based on the balanced activity observed in these tests the compound ofthe invention is considered useful for the treatment, prevention oralleviation of a disease or a disorder or a condition of a mammal,including a human, which disease, disorder or condition is responsive toinhibition of monoamine neurotransmitter re-uptake in the centralnervous system.

In a special embodiment, the compounds of the invention are considereduseful for the treatment, prevention or alleviation of: mood disorder,depression, atypical depression, depression secondary to pain, majordepressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder, bipolar Idisorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, mood disorder dueto a general medical condition, substance-induced mood disorder,pseudodementia, Ganser's syndrome, obsessive compulsive disorder, panicdisorder, panic disorder without agoraphobia, panic disorder withagoraphobia, agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, panicattack, memory deficits, memory loss, attention deficit hyperactivitydisorder, obesity, anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, eatingdisorder, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, dementia, dementia ofageing, senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, acquired immunodeficiencysyndrome dementia complex, memory dysfunction in ageing, specificphobia, social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stressdisorder, drug addiction, drug abuse, cocaine abuse, nicotine abuse,tobacco abuse, alcohol addiction, alcoholism, pain, chronic pain,inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, migraine pain, tension-typeheadache, chronic tension-type headache, pain associated withdepression, fibromyalgia, arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoidarthritis, back pain, cancer pain, irritable bowel pain, irritable bowelsyndrome, post-operative pain, post-mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS),post-stroke pain, drug-induced neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy,sympathetically-maintained pain, trigeminal neuralgia, dental pain,myofacial pain, phantom-limb pain, bulimia, premenstrual syndrome, lateluteal phase syndrome, post-traumatic syndrome, chronic fatiguesyndrome, urinary incontinence, stress incontinence, urge incontinence,nocturnal incontinence, sexual dysfunction, premature ejaculation,erectile difficulty, erectile dysfunction, premature female orgasm,restless leg syndrome, eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, sleepdisorders, pervasive developmental disorders, autism, Asperger'sdisorder, Rett's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, learningdisabilities, motor skills disorders, mutism, trichotillomania,narcolepsy, post-stroke depression, stroke-induced brain damage,stroke-induced neuronal damage or Gilles de la Tourettes disease. In apreferred embodiment, the compounds are considered useful for thetreatment, prevention or alleviation of depression.

It is at present contemplated that a suitable dosage of the activepharmaceutical ingredient (API) is within the range of from about 0.1 toabout 1000 mg API per day, more preferred of from about 10 to about 500mg API per day, most preferred of from about 30 to about 100 mg API perday, dependent, however, upon the exact mode of administration, the formin which it is administered, the indication considered, the subject andin particular the body weight of the subject involved, and further thepreference and experience of the physician or veterinarian in charge.

Preferred compounds of the invention show a biological activity in thesub-micromolar and micromolar range, i.e. of from below 1 to about 100μM.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In another aspect the invention provides novel pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of thechemical compound of the invention.

While a chemical compound of the invention for use in therapy may beadministered in the form of the raw chemical compound, it is preferredto introduce the active ingredient, optionally in the form of aphysiologically acceptable salt, in a pharmaceutical compositiontogether with one or more adjuvants, excipients, carriers, buffers,diluents, and/or other customary pharmaceutical auxiliaries.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising the chemical compound of the invention, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or derivative thereof, together withone or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, and, optionally, othertherapeutic and/or prophylactic ingredients, known and used in the art.The carrier(s) must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatiblewith the other ingredients of the formulation and not harmful to therecipient thereof.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be those suitable fororal, rectal, bronchial, nasal, pulmonal, topical (including buccal andsub-lingual), transdermal, vaginal or parenteral (including cutaneous,subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous,intraarterial, intracerebral, intraocular injection or infusion)administration, or those in a form suitable for administration byinhalation or insufflation, including powders and liquid aerosoladministration, or by sustained release systems. Suitable examples ofsustained release systems include semipermeable matrices of solidhydrophobic polymers containing the compound of the invention, whichmatrices may be in form of shaped articles, e.g. films or microcapsules.

The chemical compound of the invention, together with a conventionaladjuvant, carrier, or diluent, may thus be placed into the form ofpharmaceutical compositions and unit dosages thereof. Such forms includesolids, and in particular tablets, filled capsules, powder and pelletforms, and liquids, in particular aqueous or non-aqueous solutions,suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, and capsules filled with the same, allfor oral use, suppositories for rectal administration, and sterileinjectable solutions for parenteral use. Such pharmaceuticalcompositions and unit dosage forms thereof may comprise conventionalingredients in conventional proportions, with or without additionalactive compounds or principles, and such unit dosage forms may containany suitable effective amount of the active ingredient commensurate withthe intended daily dosage range to be employed.

The chemical compound of the present invention can be administered in awide variety of oral and parenteral dosage forms. It will be obvious tothose skilled in the art that the following dosage forms may comprise,as the active component, either a chemical compound of the invention ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a chemical compound of theinvention.

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from a chemical compound ofthe present invention, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can beeither solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders,tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersiblegranules. A solid carrier can be one or more substances which may alsoact as diluents, flavouring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspendingagents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or anencapsulating material.

In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid, which is in a mixturewith the finely divided active component.

In tablets, the active component is mixed with the carrier having thenecessary binding capacity in suitable proportions and compacted in theshape and size desired.

The powders and tablets preferably contain from five or ten to aboutseventy percent of the active compound. Suitable carriers are magnesiumcarbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin,starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.The term “preparation” is intended to include the formulation of theactive compound with encapsulating material as carrier providing acapsule in which the active component, with or without carriers, issurrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it.Similarly, cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders,capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid formssuitable for oral administration.

For preparing suppositories, a low melting wax, such as a mixture offatty acid glyceride or cocoa butter, is first melted and the activecomponent is dispersed homogeneously therein, as by stirring. The moltenhomogenous mixture is then poured into convenient sized moulds, allowedto cool, and thereby to solidify.

Compositions suitable for vaginal administration may be presented aspessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays containing inaddition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the artto be appropriate.

Liquid preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, forexample, water or water-propylene glycol solutions. For example,parenteral injection liquid preparations can be formulated as solutionsin aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.

The chemical compound according to the present invention may thus beformulated for parenteral administration (e.g. by injection, for examplebolus injection or continuous infusion) and may be presented in unitdose form in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion or inmulti-dose containers with an added preservative. The compositions maytake such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily oraqueous vehicles, and may contain formulation agents such as suspending,stabilising and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the activeingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation ofsterile solid or by lyophilization from solution, for constitution witha suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile, pyrogen-free water, before use.

Aqueous solutions suitable for oral use can be prepared by dissolvingthe active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavours,stabilising and thickening agents, as desired.

Aqueous suspensions suitable for oral use can be made by dispersing thefinely divided active component in water with viscous material, such asnatural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, or other well known suspending agents.

Also included are solid form preparations, intended for conversionshortly before use to liquid form preparations for oral administration.Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Inaddition to the active component such preparations may comprisecolorants, flavours, stabilisers, buffers, artificial and naturalsweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.

For topical administration to the epidermis the chemical compound of theinvention may be formulated as ointments, creams or lotions, or as atransdermal patch. Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulatedwith an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickeningand/or gelling agents. Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oilybase and will in general also contain one or more emulsifying agents,stabilising agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickeningagents, or colouring agents.

Compositions suitable for topical administration in the mouth includelozenges comprising the active agent in a flavoured base, usuallysucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the activeingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerine or sucrose andacacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitableliquid carrier.

Solutions or suspensions are applied directly to the nasal cavity byconventional means, for example with a dropper, pipette or spray. Thecompositions may be provided in single or multi-dose form.

Administration to the respiratory tract may also be achieved by means ofan aerosol formulation in which the active ingredient is provided in apressurised pack with a suitable propellant such as a chlorofluorocarbon(CFC) for example dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, ordichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gas. Theaerosol may conveniently also contain a surfactant such as lecithin. Thedose of drug may be controlled by provision of a metered valve.

Alternatively the active ingredients may be provided in the form of adry powder, for example a powder mix of the compound in a suitablepowder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such ashydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).Conveniently the powder carrier will form a gel in the nasal cavity. Thepowder composition may be presented in unit dose form for example incapsules or cartridges of, e.g., gelatin, or blister packs from whichthe powder may be administered by means of an inhaler.

In compositions intended for administration to the respiratory tract,including intranasal compositions, the compound will generally have asmall particle size for example of the order of 5 microns or less. Sucha particle size may be obtained by means known in the art, for exampleby micronization.

When desired, compositions adapted to give sustained release of theactive ingredient may be employed.

The pharmaceutical preparations are preferably in unit dosage forms. Insuch form, the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containingappropriate quantities of the active component. The unit dosage form canbe a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities ofpreparation, such as packaged tablets, capsules, and powders in vials orampoules. Also, the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet,or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of thesein packaged form.

Tablets or capsules for oral administration and liquids for intravenousadministration and continuous infusion are preferred compositions.

Further details on techniques for formulation and administration may befound in the latest edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences(Maack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.).

A therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of activeingredient, which ameliorates the symptoms or condition. Therapeuticefficacy and toxicity, e.g. ED₅₀ and LD₅₀, may be determined by standardpharmacological procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals. Thedose ratio between therapeutic and toxic effects is the therapeuticindex and may be expressed by the ratio LD₅₀/ED₅₀. Pharmaceuticalcompositions exhibiting large therapeutic indexes are preferred.

The dose administered must of course be carefully adjusted to the age,weight and condition of the individual being treated, as well as theroute of administration, dosage form and regimen, and the resultdesired, and the exact dosage should of course be determined by thepractitioner.

The actual dosage depends on the nature and severity of the diseasebeing treated, and is within the discretion of the physician, and may bevaried by titration of the dosage to the particular circumstances ofthis invention to produce the desired therapeutic effect. However, it ispresently contemplated that pharmaceutical compositions containing offrom about 0.1 to about 500 mg of active ingredient per individual dose,preferably of from about 1 to about 100 mg, most preferred of from about1 to about 10 mg, are suitable for therapeutic treatments.

The active ingredient may be administered in one or several doses perday. A satisfactory result can, in certain instances, be obtained at adosage as low as 0.1 μg/kg i.v. and 1 μg/kg p.o. The upper limit of thedosage range is presently considered to be about 10 mg/kg i.v. and 100mg/kg p.o. Preferred ranges are from about 0.1 μg/kg to about 10mg/kg/day i.v., and from about 1 μg/kg to about 100 mg/kg/day p.o.

Methods of Therapy

In another aspect the invention provides a method for the treatment,prevention or alleviation of a disease or a disorder or a condition of aliving animal body, including a human, which disease, disorder orcondition is responsive to inhibition of monoamine neurotransmitterre-uptake in the central nervous system, and which method comprisesadministering to such a living animal body, including a human, in needthereof an effective amount of a chemical compound of the invention.

It is at present contemplated that suitable dosage ranges are 0.1 to1000 milligrams daily, 10-500 milligrams daily, and especially 30-100milligrams daily, dependent as usual upon the exact mode ofadministration, form in which administered, the indication toward whichthe administration is directed, the subject involved and the body weightof the subject involved, and further the preference and experience ofthe physician or veterinarian in charge.

EXAMPLES

The invention is further illustrated with reference to the followingexamples, which are not intended to be in any way limiting to the scopeof the invention as claimed.

General: All reactions involving air sensitive reagents or intermediateswere performed under nitrogen and in anhydrous solvents. Magnesiumsulphate was used as drying agent in the workup-procedures and solventswere evaporated under reduced pressure.

Method A

exo-7-(8-Methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one fumaricacid salt

A mixture of triphenylphosphine (17.6 g, 67 mmol) and dioxane (150 ml)was stirred and cooled at 8° C. where diethylazodicarboxylate (10.4 ml,67 mmol) was added slowly, below 15° C. The cooling was removed, tropin(7.9 g, 56 mmol) and 7-hydroxy-coumarine (10 g, 62 mmol) was added andthe reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 15 h. The reaction mixturewas stirred at 65° C. for 5 h. Aqueous sodium hydroxide (100 ml, 1 M)was added and extracted with diethyl ether (2×100 ml). The diethyl etherphase was washed with water (50 ml). Chromatography, of the crudemixture, on silica gel with dichloromethane, methanol and conc. ammonia(96:3:1) gave the title compound as an oil and free base. Yield 2.0 g(13%). The corresponding salt was obtained by addition of a diethylether and methanol mixture (9:1) saturated with fumaric acid. Mp 252° C.

exo-4-(8-Methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one free base

Was prepared according to method A from 4-hydroxycoumarine. Mp143.5-146.5° C.

exo-6-(8-Methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-4-methyl-chromen-2-onehydrochloric acid salt

Was prepared according to method A from 6-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarine.Mp>250° C. (dec.).

exo-7-(8-Tert-butoxycarbonyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-onefree base (Intermediate)

Was prepared according to method A as an oil.

exo-6-(8-Methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-onehydrochloric acid salt

Was prepared according to method A from 6-hydroxycoumarine. Mp 278° C.

7-(1-Methyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-chromen-2-one fumaric acid salt

Was prepared according to method A from 7-hydroxycoumarine and4-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidine. Mp 205-210° C.

Method B

7-(1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-chromen-2-one hydrochloricacid salt

A mixture of triphenylphosphine (9.4 g, 36 mmol) and dioxane (100 ml)was stirred at room temperature where diethylazodicarboxylate (5.6 ml,36 mmol) was added slowly. 4-Hydroxy-1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-piperidine(5.1 g, 30 mmol) (prepared from 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-piperidine-4-oneby reduction with sodium borohydride) and 7-hydroxy-coumarine (5.2 g, 32mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 15 h atroom temperature, followed by stirring at 40° C. for 4 h. Aqueous sodiumhydroxide (100 ml, 1 M) was added and the mixture was extracted withdiethyl ether (2×50 ml). The diethyl ether phase was washed with water(50 ml). The volume of the ether phase was reduced to 30 ml and thecrystaline triphenyl-phosphine oxide was filtered off. The filtrate wasmixed with hydrochloric acid (30 ml, 1 M) and was washed twice withdiethyl ether (2×50 ml). The aqueous mixture was made alkaline by addingconcentrated ammonia. The product precipitated as the free base and wascollected by filtration. The free base was solved in ethyl acetate (40ml) and hydrochloric acid (2 ml, 3 M) was added. The productprecipitated as the hydrochloric acid salt and filtered. The product wasrecrystalised from isopropanol (50 ml). Yield 1.05 g (10%). Mp 273° C.

Method C

7-(2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-chromen-2-one hydrochloricacid salt

A mixture of 7-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-chromen-2-one(0.69 g, 2.2 mmol), diethylazodicarboxylate (1.0 ml, 6.6 ml) and toluene(50 ml) was stirred at 115° C. for 15 h. Hydrochloric acid (10 ml, 2 N)was added to the mixture and was refluxed for 1 h. The mixture wascooled and the product precipitated as the hydrochloric acid salt. Yield0.26 g (37%). Mp>300° C.

Method D

exo-7-(8-H-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one hydrochloricacid salt

A mixture ofexo-7-(8-tert-butoxycarbonyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one(0.60 g, 1.6 mmol) and hydrochloric acid (10 ml, 1M) in acetic acid wasstirred for 1 h. Diethylether (50 ml) was added and the precipitate wasfiltered and washed with diethylether (10 ml). Yield 0.28 g (57%).Mp>300° C.

Method E

exo-6-(8-H-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one hydrochloricacid salt

A mixture ofexo-6-(8-methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one (0.90 g,3.15 mmol), 2,2,2-trichloroethyl chloroformate (2.00 g, 9.4 mmol) andtoluene (20 ml) was stirred at reflux for 15 h. Water (20 ml) was addedand the organic phase was separated and washed with water (20 ml). Thetoluene phase was evaporated. Acetic acid (5 ml), water (5 ml) and zincpowder (1.03 g, 15.77 mmol) was added and stirred for 70 h. Aqueoussodium hydroxide (10 ml, 1 M) was added and the mixture was extractedwith diethylether (2×30 ml). The free base was isolated, yield 0.86 g(94%). The hydrochloric acid salt was precipitated. Mp>280° C.

1. A compound of Formula I:

or any of its isomers or any mixture of its isomers, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R¹ represents hydrogenor alkyl; which alkyl is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo,trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, hydroxy, amino, nitro, alkoxy,cycloalkoxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl;each of R², R^(2′), R³ and R^(3′) independent of each other representhydrogen or alkyl; or R² and R³ together form —(CH₂)_(p)— and R^(2′) andR^(3′) independent of each other represent hydrogen or alkyl; wherein pis 1, 2 or 3; m is 0, 1 or 2; n is 0, 1 or 2; X represents —O— or —NR⁴—;wherein R⁴ represents hydrogen, alkyl, —C(═O)R⁵ or —SO₂R⁵; wherein R⁵represents hydrogen or alkyl; and Q represents a chromen-2-one group;which chromen-2-one group is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents independently selected from the group consisting of: halo,trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, hydroxy, amino, nitro, alkoxy,cycloalkoxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl. 2.The chemical compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ represents hydrogen.
 3. Thechemical compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ represents alkyl.
 4. Thechemical compound of claim 1, wherein R² and R³ together form —(CH₂)₂—and R^(2′) and R^(3′) represent hydrogen.
 5. The chemical compound ofclaim 1, wherein R², R^(2′), R³ and R^(3′) each represent alkyl.
 6. Thechemical compound of claim 1, wherein m is 1 and n is
 1. 7. The chemicalcompound of claim 1, wherein X represents —O—.
 8. The chemical compoundof claim 1, wherein Q represents chromen-2-one-7-yl.
 9. The chemicalcompound of claim 1, which isexo-7-(8-Methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one;exo-4-(8-Methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one;exo-6-(8-Methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-4-methyl-chromen-2-one;exo-6-(8-Methyl-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one;7-(1-Methyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-chromen-2-one;7-(1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-chromen-2-one;7-(2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-piperidin-4-yloxy)-chromen-2-one;exo-7-(8-H-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one;exo-6-(8-H-8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yloxy)-chromen-2-one; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 10. A pharmaceuticalcomposition, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compoundof claim 1, or any of its isomers or any mixture of its isomers, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with at least onepharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.
 11. A methodfor treatment, prevention or alleviation of a disease or a disorder or acondition of a living animal body including a human, which disorder,disease or condition is responsive to inhibition of monoamineneurotransmitter re-uptake in the central nervous system, which methodcomprises the step of administering to such a living animal body in needthereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according toclaim 1, or any of its isomers or any mixture of its isomers, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 12. The method according toclaim 11, for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical pharmaceuticalcomposition for the treatment, prevention or alleviation of a disease ora disorder or a condition of a mammal, including a human, which disease,disorder or condition is responsive to inhibition of monoamineneurotransmitter re-uptake in the central nervous system.
 13. The methodaccording to claim 12, wherein the disease, disorder or condition ismood disorder, depression, atypical depression, depression secondary topain, major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder,bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, mooddisorder due to a general medical condition, substance-induced mooddisorder, pseudodementia, Ganser's syndrome, obsessive compulsivedisorder, panic disorder, panic disorder without agoraphobia, panicdisorder with agoraphobia, agoraphobia without history of panicdisorder, panic attack, memory deficits, memory loss, attention deficithyperactivity disorder, obesity, anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder,eating disorder, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, dementia, dementiaof ageing, senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, acquiredimmunodeficiency syndrome dementia complex, memory dysfunction inageing, specific phobia, social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder,acute stress disorder, drug addiction, drug abuse, cocaine abuse,nicotine abuse, tobacco abuse, alcohol addiction, alcoholism, pain,chronic pain, inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, migraine pain,tension-type headache, chronic tension-type headache, pain associatedwith depression, fibromyalgia, arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoidarthritis, back pain, cancer pain, irritable bowel pain, irritable bowelsyndrome, post-operative pain, post-mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS),post-stroke pain, drug-induced neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy,sympathetically-maintained pain, trigeminal neuralgia, dental pain,myofacial pain, phantom-limb pain, bulimia, premenstrual syndrome, lateluteal phase syndrome, post-traumatic syndrome, chronic fatiguesyndrome, urinary incontinence, stress incontinence, urge incontinence,nocturnal incontinence, sexual dysfunction, premature ejaculation,erectile difficulty, erectile dysfunction, premature female orgasm,restless leg syndrome, eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, sleepdisorders, pervasive developmental disorders, autism, Asperger'sdisorder, Rett's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, learningdisabilities, motor skills disorders, mutism, trichotillomania,narcolepsy, post-stroke depression, stroke-induced brain damage,stroke-induced neuronal damage or Gilles de la Tourettes disease. 14.(canceled)